In West Philadelphia, Jennifer Byrne, owner of Comfy Heating and Cooling, faces a recurring issue when called to fix air conditioning systems in recently remodeled homes. Often, shoddy renovations neglect essential steps, leading to problems like ice buildup and refrigerant leaks. These leaks, while harmful to cooling efficiency, have more profound environmental consequences.

Refrigerants, specifically R-410A, commonly used in AC systems, are potent greenhouse gases, far more damaging to the climate than carbon dioxide. The intentional release of such refrigerants is prohibited under the Clean Air Act. With the Environmental Protection Agency mandated to phase out a significant portion of these chemicals by 2036, the focus is shifting towards cleaner alternatives.

Byrne's work involves capturing and safely storing refrigerant from leaking AC units. However, refrigerants entering the atmosphere are not limited to household systems. Gas-powered vehicles, with AC systems prone to leaks, contribute approximately 100 million pounds of refrigerant annually, stemming from over 200 million cars in the U.S.

Supermarkets are another major contributor to these leaks due to extensive refrigerant piping. Approximately 25% of refrigerant is lost each year in supermarkets, as it's more cost-effective to leak refrigerant than to build leak-proof systems.

The need to minimize refrigerant leaks has given rise to a growing reuse and reclamation industry. Companies like A-Gas Rapid Recovery collect, purify, and reclaim refrigerants for extended use. Venting refrigerant into the atmosphere is not only illegal but also considered unethical under EPA regulations.

Efforts are underway to find sustainable replacements for refrigerants. Some alternatives are better for the climate but may have drawbacks, such as flammability. Researchers are also exploring the use of carbon dioxide as a refrigerant, but it requires high-pressure systems.

For commercial refrigeration, cleaner alternatives are already available. However, progress in the air conditioning sector has been hindered by lobbying efforts and industry standards. Trane Technologies, a major manufacturer, is working on a solution that is 78% less damaging and plans to introduce it in 2024.

Innovations like solid refrigerants, such as perovskite, are being explored. Although in its early stages, this technology shows promise for use in various cooling systems, including fridges, commercial buildings, and homes. As global heating and cooling demands increase, finding sustainable and economical solutions becomes imperative to combat climate change.