In October, ETH Zurich, Switzerland’s leading technical university, revised its admission criteria for master’s and PhD programs in select science and technology disciplines. This move, justified under Swiss national security laws, aims to curb potential risks of international espionage.

The changes primarily target applicants from nations under international sanctions, such as Iran, Afghanistan, and Russia, but are expected to most significantly affect Chinese nationals. ETH Zurich reports having admitted over 1,300 Chinese students since 2023—double the number in 2018.

While ETH Zurich's decision is unique among Swiss universities, it has drawn attention to the broader balancing act universities in German-speaking regions face between safeguarding national security and maintaining academic openness. Neighboring University of Zurich has not implemented similar measures.

New Security Measures for "Dual-Use" Fields
The updated screening process focuses on applicants to disciplines with "dual-use" technology applications, such as artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and telecommunications. Evaluations now extend beyond academic qualifications to consider candidates' previous institutions and government scholarships, with Chinese state-funded scholarships under particular scrutiny due to alleged loyalty pledges.

Global Context and Local Reactions
ETH Zurich’s policy aligns with global trends, such as the U.S. restrictions on Chinese graduate students in sensitive fields since 2020, maintained under President Joe Biden. The Netherlands has also faced pressure to limit Chinese student admissions due to its strategic role in chip manufacturing.

On ETH’s campus, the measures have sparked criticism. Chinese students have expressed concerns over discrimination and the potential impact on ETH Zurich’s neutrality and reputation. Broader implications are emerging, with German universities reportedly considering similar reviews and stricter risk management protocols.

Growing Tensions and Visa Challenges
German universities, hosting around 50,000 Chinese students annually, are increasingly wary of potential misuse of research for military purposes. Reports of delayed visa processing and rejections for Chinese researchers highlight a tightening approach, even without explicit policy changes.

Amid these developments, Chinese students in Germany, like Mika Zhao, acknowledge security considerations but emphasize the need for fair and equitable implementation of policies. As Europe grapples with balancing academic freedom and security, concerns about rising hostility towards Chinese nationals in academia continue to grow.