Belém: Negotiations at the Cop30 climate summit in Belém moved into uncertain territory after a new draft agreement removed any reference to a global plan for transitioning away from fossil fuels. The change has triggered strong reactions from many countries and observers who say the world cannot reach climate goals without directly addressing oil, gas and coal use.

The latest draft issued by the Brazilian hosts replaces clear language on fossil fuel transition with broader terms about achieving low greenhouse gas emissions and climate resilient development. It also calls for tripling global adaptation finance by 2030 but does not explain how countries will raise or distribute this funding. The document suggests creating a new dialogue on trade and climate with support from international organisations.

The removal of fossil fuel language has caused deep concern among countries that want a stronger and more ambitious agreement. European Union representatives said they may not support the deal in its current form and warned that the summit could fail if major emitters refuse to commit to meaningful change.

Climate vulnerable nations, including many from Africa and small island states, also expressed frustration. While they support action on fossil fuels, they say they are under pressure to accept strict commitments without receiving clear financial support for adaptation and loss and damage. Several negotiators argued that their regions contribute only a small share of global emissions but face some of the worst effects of climate change.

Countries that produce and export fossil fuels have resisted stronger language on transition. Delegates from these nations argued that binding commitments could threaten their energy security and economic stability. Their resistance has become one of the key reasons for the deadlock at Cop30.

Some progress has been made in other areas such as methane reduction, with several countries showing interest in stronger controls on this highly polluting gas. However, observers say these steps will not be enough without a broader plan on fossil fuel use.

As the summit passes its scheduled closing time, negotiators are continuing talks in an effort to find middle ground. Many delegates hope that a revised version of the text will reintroduce clearer goals on the future of fossil fuels or at least offer a pathway that countries can build on in the coming years.

The coming hours will be crucial for determining whether Cop30 ends with a unified global climate agreement or with a weakened outcome that fails to meet the expectations of many nations and communities already affected by extreme climate impacts.